Accountant
An businessperson is a practician of accountancy, which is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about business information that helps managers, investors, tax authorities and other decision makers make resource allocation decisions.
The word \"accountant\" is derived from the French word Compter which took its origin from the Latin word Computare. The word was cursive in Middle English as Accomptant, but in process of time the word, which was always pronounced by dropping the \"p\", became gradually changed both in pronunciation and in orthography to its present form.[1]
The Big Four are the largest employers of accountants worldwide.[2]. There are over 1.1 million accountants in the United States today. 1 in 10 of those accountants are self-employed, with a large number of them being licensed Certified Public Accountants (CPAs). Accountants help to ensure that the nations firms are run efficiently, its public records kept accurately, and its taxes paid properly and on time. Accountants perform these vital functions by offering an increasingly wide array of business and accounting services to their clients.
Public accountants perform a broad range of accounting, auditing, tax, and consulting activities for their clients, who may be corporations, governments, nonprofit organizations, or individuals. Public accountants, many of whom are Certified Public Accountants (CPAs), generally have their own businesses or work for public accounting firms. CPA's are required to have at least a bachelor's degree, as well as be certified by the state that they are currently employed in.
Accountants
Commonwealth of Nations: In the Commonwealth of Nations, which
includes the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several another
states, the equivalents of Certified Public Accountant (CPA) include Chartered
Certified Accountant (ACCA), Chartered Accountant (CA or ACA), Chartered Management
Accountant, International Accountant (AAIA), Certified Public Accountant (CPA
- Ireland and comptroller - Hong Kong), Certified General Accountant (CGA -
Canada), Certified Practicing Accountant (CPA - Australia) and members of the
NIA (Australia), Certified Public Practicing Accountant (CPPA) of the New Zealand
Association of Certified Public Accountants (NZACPA) the operating study of
New Zealand Association of Accountants Inc (NZAA) Accountants United
Kingdom: * A Chartered Certified Accountant must be a member of
the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (designatory letters ACCA
or FCCA).
* A Chartered Accountant must be a member of one of the following:
o the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Cambria (ICAEW)
(designatory letters ACA or FCA) o the Institute of Chartered Accountants
of Scotland (ICAS) (designatory letters CA)
o the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland (ICAI)
o a recognised equivalent body from added Commonwealth country (designatory
letters being CA (name of country) e.g. CA (Canada))
* A Chartered Management Accountant must be a member of the Chartered Institute
of Management Accountants (designatory letters ACMA or FCMA).
* A Chartered Public Finance Accountant must be a member of the Chartered
Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (designatory letters CPFA).
* An International Accountant must be a member of the Association of International
Accountants (designatory letters AIAA or FAIA).
* An Incorporated Financial Accountant must be a member of the Institute
of Financial Accountants (designatory letters AFA or FFA).
* A Certified Public Accountant must be a member of the Association of Certified
Public Accountants (designatory letters AICPA or FCPA).
Except Association of Certified Public Accountants,each of above bodies admits
members only after expiration examinations and undergoing a period
of relevant work experience. Once admitted members are expected to
comply with ethical guidelines and gain appropriate professed experience.
Chartered,Chartered Certified,Chartered Public Finance,and International Accountant
engaging in practice (i.e. selling services to the open kinda than
acting as an employee) must gain a \"practicing certificate\" by meeting
further requirements such as purchasing competent insurance and undergoing
inspections.
ICAEW, ICAS, ICAI, ACCA, AIA and CIPFA as six statutory RQB Qualification Bodies
in UK, the member of them may also embellish Registered Auditors in
accordance with the Companies Act, providing they can shew the necessary
professed ability in that area and submit to regular inspection. It
is fun, what is egal for any individualist or firm that is not a Registered Auditor
to perform a company audit.
Further restrictions apply to accountants who carry out insolvency work.
In addition to the bodies above, the Association of Accounting Technicians and
Association of Certified Accounting Technicians offers its members
training and support in playing skills. Accountants Canada: In
Canada, there are threesome recognized playing bodies: the Canadian
Institute of Chartered Accountants (CA) and the provincial and regional
CA Institutes,
the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada (CGA), and
the Society of Management Accountants of Canada, also known as the
Certified Management Accountants (CMA). CA and CGA were created by
Acts of Parliament in 1902 and 1913 respectively and CMA was ingrained
in 1920.
The CA information focuses on open playing and candidates must obtain auditing
undergo from open playing firms; the CGA information takes a general
approach allowing candidates to focus in their own financial career
choices; the CMA information focuses in management accounting. The
CA and CMA programs order a candidate to obtain a degree as a information
entry requirement. The CGA information requires a degree as an opening
domain prior to certification.
Auditing and Public Accounting are regulated by the provinces. Historically,
only CAs can perform audits in Ontario. In 2004, the provincial government
of lake passed a new Public Accounting Act that would allow qualified
CGAs and CMAs to perform audits, contingent on their organizations
being able to shew that their fittingness and regulatory programs are
equivalent in rigour to that of the CA program. As of March 2006, this
process of evaluation had not yet begun. On November 20, 2009, Quebec
passed regulations granting qualified CAs, CGAs and CMAs statutory
auditing rights. In British Columbia and Prince Edward Island, CAs
and CGAs have coequal position regarding open playing and auditing;
In the rest of Canada, CAs, CGAs, and CMAs are considered equivalents
pursuant to provincial and regional legislation.
As of year 2006, the Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA or FCCA) is also recognized
by Canadian government as an eligible fittingness to inspect federal
government institutions in Canada. Furthermore, The Canadian branch
of ACCA is pursuing recognition for statutory inspect purposes in the
province of lake under the province's Public Accounting Act of 2004.
Accountants Australia: In Australia there are quaternary
main topical professed playing bodies.
* Certified Practicing Accountants (CPA) are members of comptroller Australia.
* Professional National Accountants (PNA) and Member of National Institute
of Accountants (MNIA) are members of National Institute of Accountants
Australia.
* Chartered Accountants are members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants
in Australia.
However, the Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA or FCCA) fittingness is also
recognized as a formal body for insolvency purposes under the Corporation
Act 2001, country 1282 and for inspect purposes by ASIC under Practice
Statement 180 Auditor recognition in Australia.
Additionally the Institute of Certified Management Accountants (ICMA) awards
the CMA designation, and is specialized in the area of Management Accounting.
Description: are excerpt in in finance, taxation, and playing leadership
And work throughout the world in business Education: The education
is Skill based and they need to complete 19 courses which are consisted
of 2 playing cases. Accountants New Zealand: In New
Zealand, there are two topical playing bodies the New Zealand Institute
of Chartered Accountants (NZICA) and the New Zealand Association of
Certified Public Accountants (NZACPA) the operating study of New Zealand
Association of Accountants Inc (NZAA).
To inspect open companies an individualist must be a member of either the NZICA
or an otherwise gazetted body. Chartered Certified Accountant (Association
of Chartered Certified Accountants or FCCA) fittingness has also been
gazetted under the relevant act (Under Section 199 of the Companies
Act 1993: Qualifications of Auditors). An ACCA member can practice
as long as they hold an ACCA open practice credential (with inspect
qualification) in their country of origin. Accountants Sri
Lanka: In Sri Lanka, a Chartered Accountant must be a member
of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka (designatory
letters ACA or FCA), therefore
it is the sole topical playing body. To inspect open companies an individualist
must be a member of the ICASL.
Accountants Bangladesh: Main article: Accountancy
profession in Bangladesh.
Accountants United States: In the United States, legally
practicing accountants are Certified Public Accountants (CPAs), and
another non-statutory accountants are Certified Internal
Auditors (CIAs), Certified Management Accountants (CMAs) and Accredited
Business Accountants (ABAs). The disagreement sport ween these certifications
is primarily the legal position and the types of services provided,
though individuals may earn more than one certification. Additionally,
much playing work is performed by uncertified individuals, who may
be working under the supervision of a certified accountant.
A comptroller is licensed by the state of his/her residence to wage auditing
services to the public, though most comptroller firms also offer accounting,
tax, proceedings support, and another financial advisory services.
The requirements for receiving the comptroller license varies from
state to state, though the passage of the Uniform Certified Public
Accountant communicating is required by all states. [2] This communicating
is designed and hierarchal by the American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants.
A CIA is granted a credential from the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA),
provided that the candidate passed a rigorous communicating of quaternary
parts. A CIA mostly provides his/her services directly to his/her employer
kinda than the public.
A CMA is granted a credential from the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA),
provided that the candidate passed a rigorous communicating of quaternary
parts and foregather the practical undergo domain from the IMA. A CMA
mostly provides his/her services directly to his/her employers kinda
than the public. A CMA can also wage his services to the public, but
to an extent much lesser than that of a CPA.
An ABA is granted accreditation from the Accreditation Council for Accountancy
and Taxation (ACAT), provided that the candidate passed the eight-hour
Comprehensive Examination for Accreditation in Accounting which tests
proficiency in financial accounting, reporting, evidence preparation,
taxation, playing consulting services, playing law, and ethics. An
ABA specializes in the needs of small-to-mid-size businesses and in
financial services to individuals and families. In states where ingest
of the articulate \"accountant” is not permitted by non state licensed
individuals, the practitioner may ingest Accredited Business Adviser.
The United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates
that there are most one million persons [3] engaged as accountants
and auditors in the U.S.
U.S. set law grants accountants a limited form of accountant-client privilege.
Accountants Earnings and Wages: Accountants Median
Salary per Industry[3]
* Accounting, set preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services $57,020
* Management of companies and enterprises $55,560
* Local government $50,120
* Depository credit intermediation $49,380
* State government $47,200.
Accountants Hong Kong: Accountancy in Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the playing business is regulated by the HKICPA under the Professional
Accountants Ordinance (Chapter 50, Laws of Hong Kong). The Auditing
business for limited companies is regulated under the Companies Ordinance
(Chapter 32, Laws of Hong Kong), and another Ordinances such as the
Securities and Futures Ordinance, the Listing Rules, etc.
Removal of domain for a qualified accountant in the Listing Rules of Hong Kong
In November 2008, the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited has removed the domain
for a qualified accountant from the Listing Rules but expanded the
Code Provisions in the Code on Corporate Governance Practices regarding
internal controls to make specific references to the domain of the
directors to conduct an annual review of the adequacy of staffing of
the financial reporting function and the oversight role of the inspect
committee. Accountants Austria: In Austria the playing
profession is regulated by the Bilanzbuchhaltungsgesetz 2006 (BibuG
- Management Accountancy Law).
Accountants Portugal: In Portugal, to be a qualified
accountant or auditor, having an academic degree is obligatory, and
the authorisation is exclusively awarded by the
Ordem dos Revisores Oficiais de Contas (OROC), a professed organization.
In general, accountants or auditors accredited by the Ordem dos Revisores
Oficiais de Contas are individuals with university graduation diplomas
in playing management, economics, maths and even law, who after further
studies, applied for an communicating at the Ordem dos Revisores Oficiais
de Contas and received the authorisation to be a ROC (Revisor Oficial
de Contas), the highest professed fittingness in the field of accountancy.
Any citizen having a polytechnic degree as playing technician is also
entitled to apply for the communicating and authorisation at the OROC.[4]. Accountants
Greece: This brief guide to Accounting Firms, CPAs, Accountants
and Tax Experts in Ellas includes business firms to suit your playing
and tax requirements in Greece. Greece's business firms in this page
deal with tax, finance, joint and commercial issues in Greece.
Part of Greece's business firms are related to international business firms.
Most of the web sites of business firms in Ellas are in English.
In general, you will have no problem in finding English speaking employees in
Greece's business firms in this site.
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